Characterisation of a ground penetrating radar antenna in lossless homogeneous and lossy heterogeneous environments

Directly measuring the radiation characteristics of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) antennas in environments typically encountered in GPR surveys, presents many practical difficulties. However it is very important to understand how energy is being transmitted and received by the antenna, especially for areas of research such as antenna design, signal processing, and inversion methodologies. To overcome the difficulties of experimental measurements, we used an advanced modelling toolset to simulate detailed three-dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) models of GPR antennas in realistic environments. A semi-empirical soil model was utilised, which relates the relative permittivity of the soil to the bulk density, sand particle density, sand fraction, clay fraction and volumetric fraction of water. The radiated energy from the antenna was studied in lossless homogeneous dielectrics as well as, for the first time, in lossy heterogeneous environments. Significant variations in the magnitude and pattern shape were observed between the lossless homogeneous and lossy heterogeneous environments. Also, despite clear differences in time domain responses from simulations that included only an infinitesimal dipole source model and those that used the full antenna model, there were strong similarities in the radiated energy distributions. & 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.